Aerospace 1995
Parametric Cost Deployment, E. B.
Dean, NASA Langley Research Center. Parametric cost analysis is a
mathematical approach to estimating cost. Parametric cost analysis uses
non-cost parameters such as quality characteristics, to estimate the cost to
bring forth, sustain, and retire a product. This paper reviews parametric cost
analysis and shows how it can be used within the cost deployment process.
Architecture, Building,
Construction 1995
Quality Function and Cost Deployment in Ceramics Industry: A Case Study,
P. Sophatsathit, National Electronics and Computer Technology Center, T.
Chuenchom, International Institute of Technology, Thammasat University, and N.
Nisapakultorn, Quality Training (Thailand) Ltd. This study looks into
current obstacles encountered by a selected ceramic tile manufacturer with the
goals to 1) reduce design and development time for a new ceramic product, and
to 2) optimize the product cost and quality to concur with the requirements.
These coals were accomplished by means of a quality/cost chart derived from
customer's requirements and target costs using Quality and Cost Deployment.
The result show a 30% reduction in the design and development time, as well as
the product cost by a significant factor.
QFD and ProVE: Applications in the Building Industry, James F.
Meredith (AIA), Dennis O'Bierne (AIA), Giffels Associates, Inc. While
there have been precedents in the architecture and engineering practice which
would lead to QFD implementation, its deployment throughout the construction
industry is generally non-existent. The authors believe, however, that QFD in
the construction industry practice could yield many benefits such as higher
owner and customer satisfaction, better coordination among a construction team
members, and reduced disputes and litigation associated with the design and
construction process. This paper presents a window into QFD-like practices in
the local industry, indicates a process for further integration of QFD
principles and practices, and shows a direction for further development.
Automotive 1995
QFD Status in the U.S. Automotive Industry, Harold Ross and
Kioumars Paryani, GM Systems Engineering Center, NAO Engineering Center, General Motors Corporation.
As Dr. Akao has stated in many of his lectures, mass production has caused a
great separation between the workers and the customer, both in distance and in
layers of management. In large organizations that cannot deal on an individual
basis with the customer, QFD is being used to translate customers wants and
needs into technical requirements. This paper attempts to provide a brief
description of the current usage, integration, and understanding of the QFD
process within the context of General Motor's product development process.
Fuelguard Lower Tie Plate Product and Process Re-Design Using QFD and
Robust Design, D. Adams and G. Waymire, Siemens Power Corp., S.
Macfarlane, Black Sheep Engineering Services, and P. Walsh, Ehrhardt Tool and
Machine. A multi-functional team from Siemens and vendors redesigned a
fuel assembly component, using QFD and Robust Design. The initial product
design met an important customer requirement, while improvements in the
manufacturing process were being considered. The team used quality deployment
and Pugh Concept Selection to generate a new concept and Robust Design to
optimize the product. Process deployment using QFD further enhanced the
manufacturing capability. The new design reduced manufacturing costs and time
by approximately 40% and improved the quality and strength of the component.
Lessons learned From A QFD On A Decklid System, G. Blumstein and
H. Graves, EDS. A QFD of a Decklid system was conducted over a five
month period by a small cross-functional team with an aim to assist in
defining the requirements of the system. The study, which incorporated VOC
analysis and many different engineering disciplines, showed a direct
relationship between downstream engineering decisions and upstream VOC
statements. It also determined if the design decisions had a high interaction
with the Hows that was carried over from the previous houses. As a result, the
final design optimized the Decklid system instead of optimizing the Decklid's
subsystems and sub-optimizing the Decklid system.
Computer and Software 1995
Quality Function Deployment - Integrating Product Development into the
Systems Development Process, Mark P. McDonald, Andersen
Consulting. This paper examines the need for incorporating product
development activities related to customer satisfaction into the software
development process. QFD is an established technique for understanding and
satisfying customers that is readily applicable to software development. This
paper provides an overview of QFD, its role in the systems development process
and an example for study. The case study offers an example of how this
advanced quality technique applies to software development.
Business Process Reengineering with Quality Function Deployment-Process
Innovation for Software Development, R.E. Zultner, CQE, Zultner and
Company. Many software organizations are considering Business Process
Reengineering (BPR) to dramatically improve their core business process -
software development. There are great risks associated with such reengineering
efforts, and QFD can help by supplying a value-driven comprehensive framework,
with powerful tools and techniques. An approach for applying BPR with QFD to
the software development process is described, and two case studies reviewed.
Integrating QFD with Object-Oriented Software Design Methodologies,
Walter M. Lamia, Software Engineering Institute, Carnegie Mellon University.
Object-oriented methodologies have emerged as a popular paradigm for software
design and analysis, both in research and practice. Several variants of
Object-oriented
methods are in use, but they all share significant similarities in their
approaches to modeling the application domain. QFD is also a design analysis
and domain modeling technique with many parallels to Object-oriented methods.
This paper gives an overview of Object Oriented design concepts, and shows how
familiar QFD techniques are an effective aid for the Object-oriented analyst. QFD is a much easier
way to approach to the initial information collection and provides easy to
understand structuring tools that do not require extensive training in
Object-oriented
concepts and methods.
Defining the Unknown Customer Wants and Needs- Applying the Reflector
Method into QFD, Noriyuki Neil Takeuchi Integrated Quality Dynamics,
Inc. In software development, quality requirements frequently change
depending on the wants and needs of the customer. Once a durable system has
been decided upon, the specifications will ultimately transform. The Reflector
is a new method for QFD that defines the demanded quality items perfectly with
the voice of the customer analysis. It develops he necessary information, such
as demanded quality and function based on the customer voice, which is defined
by the mirror that can cast future customers' wants and needs. This paper
introduced how to use the Reflector in the QFD software field.
Quality Function Deployment (QFD): An Effective Technique For
Requirements Acquisition, Tuyet-Lan Tran and Joseph S. Sherif,
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Software Assurance, California Institute of Technology.
A general accepted understanding of how to capture requirements, allocate or
flow-down top level requirements, verify and validate lower level requirements
is not rigorously sought in practice. Often the customers are blamed for not
properly articulating their requirements or understanding their own needs.
However, the problem is deeper than that, and it involves not only the
customers but also the system analysts or engineers, and designers as
well. This paper puts forward QFD as an effective tool for the acquisition of
customer requirements.
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Education 1995
QFD-Building Quality Into English Universities, M. Clayton,
Aston University. Aston University is testing the power of QFD as a tool
to ensure that customer needs are reflected at each stage of the design,
development and execution of degree programs. Initial experimentation is
taking place in the Dept. of Vision Sciences. Market share issues are being
addressed through planning cost-effective, high-quality learning for
optometrists throughout their career, beginning with undergraduate study. This
paper reports on progress, including definition of "quality" in universities.
Using QFD for Curriculum Design, J. Hillman and F. Plonka.
QFD principles are being applied to design an engineering education
curriculum. To determine a reasonable 'product life cycle,' i.e., a typical
career for a manufacturing engineer in this case, four elements - career,
competencies, roles, and knowledge - were examined as well as their
relationships. The paper reports the application process of this on-going
project.
QFD in the Development of Engineering Studies, Per Nilsson,
Bengt Lofgren, and Gunnar Erixon, Centre of Industrial Engineering and
Management, CITU, University College of Falun Borlange, Sweden.
Shorter development time, the need to satisfy customer needs and demands, and
increasing competition. These are common requirements of today's products and
product development processes. The same kind of requirements might also be put
on the engineering students passing through an educational system. This
analogy has been used in the planning of engineering studies at this Swedish
university programs. This paper reports the use of QFD in developing an
education a system that provides high quality engineers well adapted to a
productive life and capable of life-long learning.
Electronics 1995
QFD for Prediction of Phased-in Customer Benefits, Carol Boehm,
Motorola, Inc. and Ted Squires, Effective Product Foundations, Inc. The
Quartz Products Division of Motorola utilized QFD for developing a long-range
improvement and implementation plan for the Division's computer integrated
manufacturing system. The end deliverable in this project was a long-range
road map for the implementation of the system over multiple phases where
essentially system modules would be developed at each phase. The QFD team
developed a technique, whereby the impact on the customer for each phase could
be projected directly from the information gathered from the QFD. This
technique was instrumental in getting customer buy-in to the system concept,
by quantitatively showing the customer benefits on a phase-by-phase basis.
Energy & Utilities 1995
QFD and Deming Prize Activities at FPL, Bob Bodziony, Florida
Power & Light. This paper reports the FPL's commitment to
quality that began in 1981, its quality improvement program, TQM initiatives,
and Deming Prize activities and the role of QFD in the Deming effort, as well
as the challenges and benefit, the resulting cultural changes, and post Deming
QFD activities.
Food 1995
The Introduction of Quality Function Deployment At A Large Food Company,
J. Rodriquez, The Q2000 Group, Inc. As a part of the TQM process at this
$5 billion food manufacturer, the management decided to try QFD. A unique
piloting process was used which entailed volunteer teams and the simultaneous
development of tailored QFD training. Some new market research approaches were
used. Successful new products and packages were developed using these methods.
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General Industry 1995
Quality Programs and Quality Profits: Using QFD to Evaluate the Profit
Impact of Customer Satisfaction, B. K
le in, A
ppl ied M
ar keting S
ci ence,
Inc. Program managers and product developers need to assess the profit
impact of programs and actions aimed at customer satisfaction in order to
determine the best way to spend scarce corporate resources and to avoid
expensive marketing. EPICS (Evaluating the Profit Impact of Customer
Satisfaction) is an interactive, PC-based model that uses QFD as the paradigm
for linking programs to customer satisfaction, customer behavior and
profitability.
Evaluating QFD Relationships Through
The Use Of Regression Analysis, B. Yoder and D. Mason, EDS-Management
Consulting Services. The "relationship strength" approach is inadequate
in providing a clear indication for the input and output relationships as well
as what level of output performance is optimal in targets setting. Regression
analysis provides a more useful and defensible picture when sufficient data is
available. This paper describes the details and advantages of the regression
analysis, a methodology for incorporating regression analysis into a common
QFD methodology, and examples of the output and lessons learned from a QFD
study using this process.
Determination of Design Parameters
Using QFD, Anwar-ul Islam and Ming C. Liu, Wichita State University.
This research paper proposes a methodology
that combines various customer inputs through Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)
and multi-attribute utility function to provide a sound theoretical basis for
determining product design parameters. A linear programming model is
developed to maximize customer satisfaction and to optimize design
parameters that satisfy customer attributes.
The Balancing of QFD Matrices: The Key to Understanding Your Customer
Needs, D. L ym
an, In tern
ational Te chneG
roup, Inc. Just as
VOCT can move you from hearing what the customer said to finding the root
customer needs, balancing of QFD matrices can move you from a cursory mapping
of customer needs and measures to a deep team understanding of what the
customer really needs from three different viewpoints. This paper shows how to
look at three different viewpoints using three matrices, how to check these
matrices mathematically for misunderstood or misrepresented information, how to
use computerized tools to find the problems and the point of diminishing
returns, and how to extend these techniques to other parts of the QFD process.
Comprehensive QFD, D. Powers and R. Harter, CSG Card Services
Comprehensive QFD, D. Powers and R. Harter, CSG Card Services. Doing the
House of Quality (A-1) or 4 Phase QFD may not be enough to get the results
required from the QFD process. Comprehensive QFD allows the QFD project to
include customer, cost, reliability, technology, and other requirements in
the study without overpowering each other and losing important information.
This paper describes the similarities and differences of 4 Phase and
Comprehensive QFD.
Are They My QFD Rules or Are They New QFD Rules? -or- How to change a
Technology, D. L ym
an, In tern
ational Te chneG
roup, Inc. Changing a
technology is the key to successful application of any technology, including
QFD. This paper discusses how we can adapt QFD and adapt to QFD for successful
outcome, how to know when you have improved or changed it, and how to know
when you have created something new.
An Investigation into Quality Function Deployment (QFD) Usage in the
U.S., John J. Cristiano, Jeffrey K. Liker, and Chelsea C. White, III,
Department of Industrial and Operational Engineering, University of Michigan.
This research paper provides a general overview of the results of the U.S.
portion of a QFD survey being conducted in the U.S. and Japan. The objective
of this paper is to describe the traits, attributes and general approaches to
the usage of QFD in the U.S. Based on the preliminary results, it reports some
basic differences in the application of QFD in the U.S. and in Japan and
seemingly conflicting results between the reported benefits of using QFD in
the two countries. Hypothesis of perceived cross-cultural differences in QFD
implementation between the U.S. and Japan will be tested. In addition, a
prescriptive model for organizing and supporting successful QFD projects will
be explored.
VOC with a Future Dimension, Larry Shillito, Kodak.
To remain competitive, it is necessary to periodically reevaluate customer
needs along with changes over time. To do this, Delphi inquiry,
Molecular Explosion Model, impact analysis, and monitoring are integrated into
an effective model to explore the future customer voice. This paper reports the
tools and how they can assist in locating sensitive areas and explore the
effects of interactions, impacts, and trends on the business as well as on
products and services.
Electronic QFD In A Geographically Distributed Development Network,
M. Mehta, Ph.D., Environmental Research Electronic. This paper discusses
a unique application of QFD to the electronic planning, execution, monitoring
and stat, using of multiple technical tasks in the Composites Automation
Consortium. Current and future customer requirements for advanced aerospace
composite structures were defined at the top level, and used to drive the
machine conceptualization through preliminary design. In addition to adapting
the QFD methodology across a consortium, considerable effort was expended in
implementing TQM tools over the CAC's concurrent engineering electronic
collaboration infrastructure and to link various technical tasks and
deliverables by QFD. This paper describes how the process of team building,
interaction among remotely-located CAMI contractors, and program coordination
was achieved in one of the nation's first paperless industry groups.
Quality Function Deployment and Quality Policy Deployment In The South
West Pacific Rim, R. Hunt, Macqu arie University Graduate School of
Management. This research paper presents the framework and preliminary
insights of research into some 80 QFD projects that responded to questions
"how successful has QD been in Australia?," "in what areas has it been
successful and unsuccessful and why?," and "what are the lessons to be learned
for the future?"
Incentive Pay For Customer Satisfaction, B
ob K lei
n, A p
plied
M ark
eting, Inc. An emerging trend in many industries is to base a
portion of an employee's incentive compensation on the satisfaction of the
customers served. While theoretical results show this practice can maximize a
firm's profit, the process of surveying customers to determine satisfaction
and compensation has too many problems to be useful. But if internal metrics
can be linked to customer needs and satisfaction these matrices can form the
basis for a compensation program that achieves all the goals of a
satisfaction-based system.
Healthcare 1995
QFD Robust Design and Professional Services: Hospital Emergency Room
Case, S. Macfarlane and K. Eager, Black Sheep Engineering Services.
This paper describes what the authors believe is a new application of Robust
Design Methods. This study challenges the paradigm that Robust Design does not
apply to a service or social science. The point is made through a case study
involving optimization of the process of a hospital emergency in which average
patient length of stay was reduced by 25% without major capital investment for
an expanded facility. Confirmation runs also showed excellent repeatability,
proving that Robust Design Method can be used to optimize processes outside
the product development arena.
Happy Feet, Part II: The Return of the Princeton Foot Clinic -or- The
QFD Viral Strategy, J. Gibson, Baptist Health System. A
hospital-based foot treatment service was developed, using QFD principles to
identify the spoken and unspoken needs of customers, including comprehensive
patient self-care, and timely follow-up on patient outcomes to referring
physicians. This paper reports the QFD process and the results, that not only
enabled the clinic to overcome internal political hurdles, but also led to greater
awareness of the customer among all parties involved with the clinic and
strengthen the customer focus in the larger rehabilitation services and the
entire outpatient scheduling system.
Reconciling Different Customer Needs, I. Ferguson, Ferguson
Associates, UK. For a product to compete and to contribute to company
market share, requires various differing features of the product to be highly
evaluated by different levels of customer. These differing features can often
require what would appear to be conflicting values for the product to have
high evaluation. This paper shows the identification of the internal/external
supplier - customer - supplier - customer hierarchy as illustrated in the
healthcare industry. An effective two stage mechanism is described that
evaluates the design features at each level of deployment, by linking the
relative level needs, enabling a rational choice of values to be made at each
level that will result in high satisfaction at teach level of customer.
Hoshin Planning 1995
QFD and Hoshin Planning: A Look at the Synergies, J.F. Colletti.
This paper explores the synergy between QFD and Hoshin Planning, two new
methodologies that were introduced to the North America a few years ago. It
describes examples of how these two methodologies can be integrated to create
synergy.
Human Resources 1995
QFD for Quality of Work Life, B. Harries and Matthew Baerveldt ,
TELUS. This paper outlines the theory and its application in improving the
quality of employees' work life. The application was done in three stages: a
Quality of Work Life survey to find out what employees want, QFD to design a
system for improving the quality of employees' work lives and identifying and
designing priority areas for improvement, and SPC to maintain the gains made.
The three states are described in terms of the Plan, Do, Study, and Act
learning cycle. The study shows QFD can be applied to soft business issues. It
redefines and clarifies the role of business leadership as purveyors of
service to employees.
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Kano Model 1995
Using an Objective Sales Point measure To Incorporate Elements of the
Kano Model Into QFD, W.G. Robertshaw, Arbor, Inc. This paper
describes ASCENTsm Model methodology developed by this firm that
redefines the sales points and uses the sales point information to clarify
type of Kano element.
Manufacturing 1995
Taguchi's Philosophy Helps Manufacturing Deployment, J. Te
rniko,
Resp onsible Management Inc. Taguchi's philosophy of robust design
is particularly useful for establishing the best operating conditions for
manufacturing that is less sensitive to uncontrolled sources of variation.
This paper presents a brief introduction to a comprehensive QFD project where
the VOCT and the design matrix were used to define the desired quality and
priority. This information, plus failure modes, were used to define the
environment for an in-depth discussion of robust design applied to an
injection molding process.
QS-9000 1995
QFD's Role in QS-9000 Automotive Standards, Chad Kymal and
Dennis W. Hughey, Omnex. Presentation slides on the topic of using the QFD
tool to satisfy the QS-9000 automotive standards.
Service 1995
Elicit Service Customer Needs - Using Software Engineering Tools,
Glenn H. Mazur, Japan Business Consultants, Ltd. Recently, QFD has been
augmented with new methods to enhance its front end power. Many recent
extensions to QFD focus on better prioritization of customer requirements, but
not as much attention has been paid to more systematic ways to define those
requirements in the first place. This can be especially problematic for
service organizations whose product is highly transitory and people-dependent.
Since service consists primarily of processes, the author has been exploring
other process intensive fields such as software engineering for more
systematic techniques. This paper looks at use of the Sate-Transition Diagram,
Data Flow Diagram, Event Table, and Event Tree to better define service
customer needs. It should be noted, however, the goal is not to depersonalize
or mechanize service providers, but to use the process analysis power of these
tools to enhance understanding of customers interact with provides and how
they make buying decisions. The paper presents examples.
Quality Function Deployment as a Tool for Creating Service Innovations,
Alexander Held, Catholic University of Elchstaff. A dissertation
paper on the development of a comprehensive framework for creating new
services by means of QFD, as well as the guidelines on how to structure and
create an entire process of innovating services.
Effecting Customer Satisfaction through the Use of RHI©, Triple
Triangle© and X Factoring©,
Robin Yap, SolutionsGroup. This paper introduces new methods
to understand customer happiness, customer support engineers job satisfaction,
and how to model business delivery processes with inputs, outputs, and
feedback.
Strategy 1995
Monopolize Your Business Strategy With QFD, Dr. A.R. Atkins and
L.M. Crisafi. Utilizing a multi-tiered approach, McDonnel Douglas
Technologies, Inc. has developed a novel use of a classical TQM tool to link
the VOC to all levels of the company. Starting with the strategic 'whats,' the
next level of management teams develop the 'hows' which become the 'wants' for
the second tier set of QFD Houses. Continuing this process through several
additional tiers has resulted in a collection of Houses that are strength in
integrated strategic planning.
Team Building 1995
Teaming Using Customer Integrated Decision Making CIDM/QFD In
International Projects, M. Holtzlieter and S. Nelson, Senco Fastening
Systems and B. Barnard, Barnard-Norman Associates. This paper is about
the importance and value of teams having direct involvement with the customer,
a process that will support these efforts, the results of two projects that
required cross-functional and cross-cultural teams, and how they used a
"customer integrated" approach to support the objectives during the project.
Telecommunication 1995
Voice of the Customer: Linking Your System of Measures to Customer Needs,
Lorraine Pennington and Gayle Sweeney, AT&T. This paper shares AT&T
FTS200 experiences in implementing the Voice of the Customer process and their
application of QFD in defining customer needs and satisfaction for FTS2000
service quality. It also provides an insight on what they learned, pitfalls to
avoid, and on techniques that were successful.
QFD and Training in a Reengineering Environment,
John Cominsky,
Pacific Bell, Inc. and R. Norman Barnard-Norman Associates. The success
of the initial QFD training and project sparked interest for wider application
of QFD at Pacific Bell. When reengineering was introduced, however, the
resulting initiatives created training challenges as traditional job
descriptions were reinvented and new ones emerged. This paper details the use
of QFD as a planning tool to facilitate competency evaluation and overall
training management in an evolving environment.
You Want What? You Want It When? - A
Dual House of Quality Approach to Service Deployment, Patrick Brown,
AT&T Bell Laboratories, QUEST Partnership. Recently, telecommunications
service improvement teams have found a dual-HOQ approach valuable in defining
both the attributes of a given service and its delivery process
characteristics; the result: better coherence between definition and delivery
parameters and reduced interval for total service deployment. This paper
describes how one business unit is applying the dual-HOQ approach to services.
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